This report identifies the main regulatory barriers and market restrictions that hindered the participation of distributed energy resources (i.e., demand response, energy storage and distributed generation) in the European wholesale electricity markets and system operation services in 2022.

The report evaluates the functioning of the EU’s internal electricity market in 2022, and assesses whether the electricity markets were contributing to the delivery of clean, affordable, and reliable energy and therefore effectively pushing towards the decarbonisation targets set by the European Green Deal.