REMIT prohibits market manipulation and insider trading in the wholesale energy markets, as well as imposing several obligations. Both can eventually lead to a sanction.

ACER strongly cooperates with the relevant NRAs to monitor the wholesale energy markets and effectively sanction REMIT breaches.

The table below gives an overview of decisions and sanctions of REMIT breaches:

Note:

Article 3 (insider trading)

Article 4 (non-disclosure of inside information)

Article 5 (actual or attempted market manipulation)

Article 8 (non-reporting of info to ACER)

Article 9 (non-registration)

Penalties for breaches of REMIT are imposed at national level in line with Article 13 of REMIT. 

Article 18 of REMIT establishes that the rules on penalties for breaches of Article 3 and 5 of REMIT are established by the Member States. The implementation regime is therefore different across Member States and some breaches of REMIT may be sanctioned under national provisions. Please consult the sources for the status of the proceedings and more information on the Decisions.

* This amount includes both the (i) fine and (ii) confiscated profit.​​​

** The fines expressed in other currency than EURO are converted in EURO using the ECB exchange rate on the day of the Decision.

*** This amount constitutes a committed reimbursement, not a fine.

ACER ensures that national regulatory authorities (NRAs) carry out potential REMIT breach case reviews and investigations in a coordinated and consistent way.

To do this, it cooperates closely with NRAs, the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA), the competent financial market authorities of the Member States and, where appropriate, national competition authorities. It also maintains strong links with major organised market places and engages in international cooperation​.

ACER's involvement in market abuse cases, through triaging and reviewing cooperation needs, has been steadily intensifying and becoming more and more frequent. ACER interacts on REMIT cases more than 500 times per year, mostly by reviewing documents and processing requests, ensuring a coordinated and consistent approach.

In 2024, the revised REMIT framework expanded ACER’s mandate to include investigating suspected REMIT breaches that affect multiple EU countries. See ACER's Rules of Procedure on how cross-border investigations are conducted.

ACER's coordination activities on REMIT breach cases, combined with the NRAs' strong commitment, have already delivered visible results. 

Fines for over 230 million EUR were imposed to sanction market abuse in wholesale energy markets across the whole EU. 

​​​REMIT protects the integrity of wholesale electricity and gas markets by reducing instances of market abuse and increases the EU consumers' confidence in market outcomes. 

Market abuse can be either market manipulation or insider trading.

REMIT prohibits market participants to engage in or attempt market manipulation​. This includes performing fa​​​lse or misleading transactions, price positioning which secures or attempts to secure the price at an artificial level, as well as transactions involving fictitious devices or deception, and the dissemination of false and misleading information.

REMIT prohibits using or disclosing inside information​ or recommending other persons to use inside information – with few strict exemptions. ​

Market abuse is enforced at national level by energy regulators. When cases involve multiple EU countries, ACER can carry out cross-border investigations under the revised REMIT framework. ACER's Rules of Procedure explain how these investigations are conducted.

When you suspect a breach of REMIT, do not hesitate to report this through the Notification Platform​.

The first figure shows the stock of potential REMIT breaches under assessment by NRAs at the end of each year.

The second figure shows the type of REMIT breaches reported to or by the Agency as a percentage over the total number of potential REMIT breaches reported.

The map shows the number of ongoing potential REMIT breach cases under assessment per Member State.

When a REMIT breach is found in the European wholesale energy markets, the final decision of enforcing the REMIT breach lies with the relevant national regulatory authority (NRA). ACER facilitates the delivery of consistent case-related decisions from the European NRAs in a coordinated way.

This decentralised approach fosters the prohibitions of market manipulation and insider trading, the obligations to publish inside information, to report data, to register as a market participant, to report suspicious behaviour as well as to have mechanisms in place to detect suspicious market behaviours.

ACER ensures the REMIT breach case reviews and investigations occur in a harmonised way. The Agency also coordinates with the European Securities and Market Authority (ESMA), financial authorities, competition and other relevant authorities.​

​Case coordination is currently achieved via:

• Specific coordination activities​ (mostly case meetings and exchanges of information)

• Large-scale coordination meetings​

• ACER Guidance​

• The provision of appropriate and secure IT infrastructure

This REMIT data reporting section outlines how ACER collects data.

Under REMIT, data reporting entities are required to submit data to ACER in line with the data reporting obligations set out in secondary legislation (REMIT Implementing Regulation 1348/2014, updated in 2026).

By harmonising and standardising reporting across the EU, this centralised framework supports effective market monitoring and promotes transparency and integrity in wholesale energy markets.

The main data reporting entities under REMIT are ‘market participants’ and ‘organised market places’ (OMPs), which submit data through:

• registered reporting mechanisms (RRMs) for wholesale energy transactions (trades and orders to trade) and exposures; or
• inside information platforms (IIPs) for 'inside information'.

To comply with their data reporting obligations, market participants must first register on the European register through the national regulatory authority (NRA) of the country where they operate.

Once registered, market participants choose the appropriate reporting entity depending on the type of data to report (IIPs for inside information, RRMs for transactions and exposures). These reporting entities then transmit the data in standardised formats to ACER via its ARIS Data Collection Interface (DCI).

Market participants that want to report directly as RRMs may apply for authorisation via ACER's Centralised European Register of Energy Market Participants (CEREMP) platform.

See the document 'REMIT data: What to report and how' for details on what data to report, how and when (e.g. frequency, timeframes, channels). This also covers new obligations introduced by the recast Implementing Regulation (2026), such as ‘exposure’ reporting of market participants’ trading positions.

What are ‘market participants’, ‘OMPs’, ‘RRMs’ and ‘IIPs’?

• Market participants are persons or companies trading on EU wholesale markets, including non-EU/EEA entities.
• Organised market places (OMPs) are platforms where multiple buyers or sellers interact to trade energy products (such as energy exchanges, brokers and capacity platforms).
• Registered reporting mechanisms (RRMs) are entities that have been authorised by ACER to report REMIT data to ACER on their own behalf (their own data) or to report data on behalf of other parties (as a service). The list of approved RRMs is publicly available on ACER's website. Authorisation is only available to RRMs that were founded within the European Union.
• Inside information platforms (IIPs) are internet-based platforms where market participants have to publish information they believe fall under the ‘inside information’ definition. With the revised REMIT, IIPs have the obligation to report to ACER the inside information data disclosed on their platform, and have to undergo an authorisation process defined in the Delegated Regulation (2026).

For further details on RRMs and IIPs and related registration/authorisation processes, see the dedicated section.

Among the REMIT actors involved in the data reporting, a specific role is also assigned to the ENTSOs in the REMIT Implementing Regulation (updated in 2026).

The European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E) and Gas (ENTSOG) report the ‘fundamental data’ on transmission systems (e.g. generation capacity, grid availability, cross-border electricity transmission capacity, gas pipeline capacity and flows, storage levels, outages, LNG terminal use).

ACER has two main systems to collect and manage energy market data:

• ACER REMIT Information System (ARIS). This is the central hub for all data submission, used to collect and share REMIT-related data submitted by reporting entities (RRMs, IIPs, ENTSOs). 
• ​ACER Electricity and Gas Information System (AEGIS). This platform supports ACER’s wider data management tasks (beyond REMIT). Within AEGIS, the TERMINAL application is used to collect LNG market data and publish the LNG price assessment and benchmark. From October 2027, market participants will report LNG market data via registered reporting mechanisms, instead of through TERMINAL.

ACER provides guidance to help reporting parties understand how to submit REMIT data (transaction data, exposures and fundamental data), including the electronic formats to use.

The guidance documents are updated periodically (in consultation with stakeholders). They are available in the REMIT Reporting Guidance section of the REMIT Documents page, as well as on the REMIT Knowledge Base (searchable by keyword).

Market Participants are companies or individuals buying or selling wholesale energy products (e.g. electricity, gas, LNG). Before they start trading, participants must register with the national regulatory authority (NRA) of the country where they operate (Article 9 of REMIT). This includes non-EU entities active in EU markets. 

At national level, each regulator is responsible for maintaining a national register of market participants. At EU level, ACER manages the Centralised European Registry of Energy Market Participants (CEREMP), a central database collecting registration data from across the EU and supports NRAs’ national registration systems. This ensures a consistent and reliable identification of all participants across the Union. In 2025, more than 20,000 market participants submitted data to ACER.

Once registered, market participants must keep their information up to date. 

* Market participants trading LNG must follow an additional step. After registering with the relevant NRA, they must also register via ​ACER’s TERMINAL for LNG transaction reporting. With LNG data now falling within REMIT data collection, registration and reporting via TERMINAL will be discontinued in October 2027, in line with the 2026 REMIT Implementing Regulation

​​​​Under REMIT, information is considered ‘inside information’ if it is:

• precise in nature;
• not yet public;
• directly or indirectly related to wholesale energy products; and
• likely to significantly affect wholesale energy prices if made public.

Market participants are obliged to disclose inside information and should always inform ACER via web feeds.

Inside information should be disclosed promptly and in a way that enables broad public access. This is why the disclosure of inside information effectively happens through central platforms that aggregate 'urgent messages' from market participants (i.e. inside information platforms (IIPs)). In 2020, ACER started registering IIPs as Regulated Information Services (RISs).

To help market participants and NRAs apply REMIT consistently, ACER provides a range of guidance and reference materials, including:

• ACER REMIT guidance

  ACER regularly publishes non-binding guidance for NRAs (together with guidance notes), providing in-depth information on specific types of market abusive practices. This helps ensure effective coordination and consistent application of REMIT. ACER also provides guidance for market participants on how to report trading data under REMIT and comply with data reporting obligations.

• Guidelines and recommendations

  ACER may issue guidelines and recommendations addressed to all NRAs or market participants to support consistent and effective supervisory practices and ensure uniform application of the EU law. These documents are subject to public consultations.

• REMIT Q&As

  ACER also publishes Q&As documents summarising frequently asked questions about REMIT. Q&As provide practical guidance to stakeholders, but do not constitute a binding legal interpretation.

Where to find these documents?

All guidance, Q&As and related documents are available on REMIT Documents and REMIT Knowledge Base, which offer an easy way to search and consult relevant materials.